Mesothelioma Cancer

Mesothelioma symptoms are not specific to the illness, i.e., many are the Mesothelioma symptoms the same for other medical problems. Also most studies show that Mesothelioma can occurring as much as to 30 to 40 years after load by asbestos. So if a Mesothelioma symptoms arises, many Mesothelioma patients do not know that the symptoms, which experience her are connected with somewhat, which happened much early in its lives. In the reality only a brief period of the asbestos exposure, as little as some months, can cause the conditions for an illness, which breaks out many later in the life.

Mesothelioma affects the fodder of the different vacates in the body. Over time the growth cancerous of the tumors arranges this fabric to extend and seize liquid. The presence of the surplus liquid is usual, which arranges the symptoms to arise. The symptoms of the illness depend also on the position of the tumors.

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by M Nelson

Research in alternative medicine and conventional therapies to treat Mesothelioma cancer continues to be on the forefront to try and find a cure for this disease. Until an alternative is discovered and shows promise, conventional drugs and therapies such as Alimta and other chemotherapy drugs, surgery to remove tumors, and radiation therapy will be used to slow the cancer growth.

In addition to conventional treatments, a number of therapies from alternative medicine may be able to reduce symptoms of mesothelioma. Called complementary and alternative medicine, or CAM, this diverse group of medical and health care options and practices aren’t considered to be a part of mainstream medical practice. However, that doesn’t mean that they’re ineffective. Some health care providers practice both CAM and conventional medicine, and combine the two with good results. This is referred to as integrative medicine. As much as thirty-six percent of America’s adult population are using some form of CAM. This rises to more than sixty percent if prayer and megavitamin therapy are included in the definition of alternative and complementary practices. Rates of alternative therapy use are highest among patients with serious illnesses such as mesothelioma cancer.

Some treatments offered by alternative medicine include acupuncture to relieve pain following surgery for tumor removal, ginger to treat the nausea and vomiting that chemotherapy causes, massage to treat pain from all kinds of cancers, and combining mistletoe extract with chemotherapy to treat tumors. Immunotherapy, also called biological therapy, is also becoming more common. In this therapy, substances called biological response modifiers are used to improve the immune system’s ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells, as well as to fight off other diseases.

Photodynamic therapy uses a drug that sensitizes tissues to light, then destroys cancerous cells by exposing them to a laser set to a specific frequency. Gene therapy is a new, but advancing field which treats potentially fatal diseases by modifying an individual’s genes therapeutically. Herbal medicines, traditional practices from countries such as China and Japan, and spiritual treatments are also used in CAM. Not all of these therapies have the ability to affect mesothelioma directly, and their effects will tend to vary by patient. However, they can be a big help in managing symptoms and side effects while using conventional treatments.

Those who are interested in using complementary or alternative medicine in their cancer treatment should ask their health care providers. It’s important to get the answers to a few questions when considering any therapy, whether alternative or conventional. Information such as the expected benefits of the therapy versus the risks, the potential side effects, and, in the case of alternative or complementary treatments, whether the therapy will interfere with treatments you’re already undergoing are helpful. If the therapy is part of a clinical trial, find out who the sponsor is. Many alternative therapies aren’t covered fully by health insurance. Some aren’t covered at all. It’s important to find out before beginning a CAM therapy whether or not your insurance will pay for it. A good place to start finding out about your options is the NCCAM website at http://nccam.nih.gov. From there, you’ll be able to get the information to decide what therapies, both conventional and alternative, are right for you.

About the Author
From personal research Maria Nelson provides an online research tool for cancer patients; with an emphasis on Mesothelioma cancer. Find resources to specialized cancer centers, doctors and a Mesothelioma attorneys directory for legal consideration.

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Mesothelioma cancer is the growth of malignant cells in mesothelium. This mesothelium lining covers the pleural, peritoneal and pericardial cavities. Pleura is a membrane covering the lungs and it is the most common location where mesothelioma cancer occurs also known as pleural mesothelioma. Peritoneum, the protective covering that lines the abdominal cavity may also develop malignant tumors and cause peritoneal mesothelioma.

Mesothelioma is one of the rarest cancers in the world that is caused only by exposure to asbestos. Its exposure can be direct, by inhalation of asbestos or indirect exposure in which the asbestos particles are inhaled from the clothing, hair, equipment or other articles that were previously exposed to asbestos.

Causes of Mesothelioma
Asbestos is a naturally occurring fibrous mineral that is mined in different parts of the world due to its wide utility in various industries. However, it is a deadly carcinogen too and a mojor cause of mesothelioma and asbestosis.

Asbestos fibers are known to cause cancer of the mesothelium. Asbestos is the fibrous form of several minerals and hydrous silicates of magnesium found under ground. There are 3 types of asbestos, the blue one, the while one and the brown one. Of all these 3 types, the blue one also called amphibole, long and thin in structure is more carcinogenic than white or chrysolite asbestos or the brown one known as amosite.

However, in some cases the brown asbestos has also been found to cause mesothelioma. And it is for this reason that people exposed to asbestos even for a short period are vulnerable to the disease.

Pleural Mesothelioma
Asbestos fibers are very fine and easily make their way to the lungs where they settle down in the parenchyma of the lung and penetrate the pleura that later develops malignant mesothelial plaques.

Pleura, which anchors lungs to the chest cavity, is itself a double-layered membrane. The inner layer called visceral pleura surrounds the lungs, while the outer one, known as parietal pleura, forms the lining of the pleural or chest cavity. The two pleural layers are filled with a fluid that helps them to slide over each other as we breathe. As the disease progresses, the delicate pleural membranes thicken and press the lungs. A fluid secreted by the malignant cells, pleural effusion, may also collect between visceral and parietal pleurae that causes problem in breathing and other complications.

Peritoneum Mesothelioma
The asbestos fibers may also cause cancer in the peritoneum, known as peritoneal mesothelioma. This leads to thickening of the membranes surrounding abdominal organs and collection of a fluid, ascites in the abdominal cavity making it swell.

Though it is yet not clear how peritoneal mesothelioma develops, it is believed that from lungs, the asbestos fibers are transported to abdomen and its organs by the lymphatic system or they may be deposited in the gut through saliva contaminated by the asbestos fibers.

Pericardial Mesothelioma
This is the rarest type of mesothelioma cancer that comprises of only 5% of all the mesothelioma cases. Like other types of mesothelioma cancer, pericardial mesothelioma is also caused by the inhalation of asbestos dust and fibers. The lining of the chest cavity which protects the heart is known as pericardium. It is provided with a natural fluid or mucous that provide continuous lubrication to the heart so that it can work properly and perform its functions.

As the asbestos particles settle further into the lining of the chest or pericardial, the cancer spreads in the body. It destroys the heart tissues and muscles that is very hazardous to life and proves fatal for the patient.

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Malignant mesothelioma is a disease that typically has no symptoms early in the disease process. In many cases, the asbestos exposure that caused the disease could have occurred as many as 30 to 60 years earlier. Mesothelioma starts to develop when asbestos fibers become imbedded in the lung and scar tissue forms around the asbestos fibers. But the patient does not detect the formation of the scar tissue, as it causes no perceptible pain.

As the fibrous scar tissue accumulates in large quantities and the cancerous tumors start to grow in the mesothelium, large amounts of fluid start to gather. This fluid causes much of the pain associated with mesothelioma. Chest pain due to pressure and pain during cough are directly caused by the fluid accumulation.
The growth of the tumors can also cause pain as the tumors push against the nerves and other organs. It is important that if the mesothelioma patient experiences this pain, then the doctor should be advised. There is absolutely no need to endure pain when there are remedies available to make the patient more comfortable.
Certain cancer treatments may help to relieve the pain if the tumors are removed or progression slowed. Also, the fluid can be drained to help eliminate the pressure caused by the accumulation. And there are specific pain management tools apart from the direct treatment for the cancerous tumors. The patient should ask the doctor about directly treating the pain.

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Mesothelioma treatments have thus far been unable to limit the spread of the deadly cancer. Treatments for mesothelioma are divided into two categories; traditional mesothelioma treatments and new mesothelioma treatments.
Traditional mesothelioma treatments are the same as those used to treat most other cancers, and include:
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy (radiotherapy)

Traditional mesothelioma treatments are often used in conjunction with one another in effort to provide the most thorough and effective method of treatment. For example, trimodality therapy combines all three traditional methods of treatment, where chemotherapy is administered first with the aim of slowing the growth of malignant mesothelioma. Chemotherapy treatments are followed by surgery designed to physically remove a mesothelioma tumor mass (extrapleural pneumonectomy is often performed as part of trimodality therapy). Postoperative radiation therapy is used for the final step, to target any lingering mesothelioma cells. Although trimodality therapy has been unable to eradicate malignant mesothelioma, it has proven to be effective in significantly prolonging patients’ survival time by as much as five years (the average post-diagnosis survival time is one to two years).
New mesothelioma treatments have been researched and developed with the hope of succeeding where traditional methods have not. Mesothelioma researchers are optimistic that new mesothelioma treatment modalities will eventually prove to be successful, though they have yet to yield results that are any better than traditional methods.

New treatments for mesothelioma include:
Development of new chemotherapy agents
Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)
Photodynamic therapy (PDT)
Immunotherapy
Gene therapy
The progression of mesothelioma, as with other cancerous diseases, is typically broken into stages, with the treatment options based on the stage of the disease. The commonly used staging for mesothelioma is the Brigham staging system and it is described as follows.
Stages of Mesothelioma
Stage 1 occurs when the tumor lies completely within the capsule of the pleura, without swollen lymph nodes (adenopathy).
Stage 2 has the characteristics of Stage 1, where the tumor has spread and there is presence of adenopathy. But in Stage 2 the boundaries of the tumor allow for a resection (removal of the tumor) without cutting into other organs.
Stage 3 includes extension of the disease into the chest wall or into the heart, through the diaphragm or peritoneum, or outside the pleura to involve the lymph nodes.
Stage 4 occurs when the cancer has formed in distant organs through metastases.
Treatment options for the management of malignant mesothelioma include:
chemotherapy
surgery
radiation
multimodality treatment
However, none of the treatment strategies have been shown to be particularly effective against the disease.

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Malignant mesothelioma detection, like other cancers, can be accomplished with imaging equipment, such as x-ray machines. But once detected, mesothelioma diagnosis is difficult for a number of reasons. First, there is a very extended time period between the exposure to asbestos and the onset of the disease, sometimes as long as 50 to 60 years. Patients would often not think to tell their doctors about working in an asbestos-related job many years earlier.

Second, the typical symptoms of mesothelioma, shortness of breath and coughing, are also symptoms of many other types of lung problems, both cancerous and non-cancerous. Thus, just because a person has these symptoms, it does not in any way provide a mesothelioma diagnosis.
Third, many types of tumors can exist in the serous cavities that are not mesothelioma. These other types of tumors can be non cancerous, or benign, that originate in the tissues of the serous membranes, other than the mesothelium. Or they can be tumors that have migrated from other organs with cancerous growths due to metastases.
Mesothelioma and Imaging Technologies
X-rays and other types of imaging technologies can be used to detect tumors or effusion (build up of fluid) in the body, including mesothelioma detection. A growth in the chest cavity will show up in an X-ray or MRI analysis. But these devices cannot directly determine the type of cancer or provide a mesothelioma diagnosis. They cannot determine whether the tumor is mesothelioma or originates from some other source.

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a type of diagnostic imaging scan that is used for malignant mesothelioma detection. PET scans use the emission of positrons (tiny particles that are emitted from radioactive substances) for the purpose of radiation detection.
Some medical professionals are of the impression that PET scans are the most effective method through which to definitively verify a case of mesothelioma. While they believe that standard imaging techniques like x-rays and MRIs should continue to play a role in diagnosing the disease, it is felt that positron emission tomography is becoming an increasingly valuable tool in the staging and typing of the latent asbestos cancer.
Diagnostic Surgery – Biopsy
To provide a mesothelioma diagnosis, a biopsy is needed. This biopsy then undergoes what is called diagnostic histopathology. Histopathology is a technique where the cells from the tumor are viewed under a high-powered microscope, or electron microscopy. Electron microscopy is considered the gold standard for evaluating tumor material from a biopsy. It is a highly advanced microscope that allows viewing of the tiniest elements of cell tissue.
For mesothelioma diagnosis, a pathologist (a doctor who specializes in disease detection) places the tumor cells in the electron microscope and then views the structure of the individual cells. The mesothelioma cells have a specific shape and pattern, and this allows them to be identified by a very keen pathologist. But mesothelioma cells also look similar to other types of cancer cells, such as adenocarcinoma cells, and this can make the pathologist’s job very difficult. Even with the electron microscope, the different types of mesothelioma cells can be hard to recognize. The three types of cells are epithelioid mesothelioma cancer cells, which are tubular in shape, sarcomatoid mesothelioma cancer cells, which are oval and irregularly shaped, and biphasic mesothelioma cancer cells, which are a combination of shapes. These cells can be confused with other types of cancer cells.
New Methods For Mesothelioma Detection
Due to this diagnostic confusion, much research is underway to find new methods for diagnosis. One method is to evaluate the types of compounds generated by the mesothelioma cancer cells. This is called histochemistry. Histochemical reactions have long been used to distinguish between mesothelial and other types of tumor cells. For example, mesothelial cells are known to produce specific types of carbohydrate compounds. Unfortunately, other types of cells in the body also produce these compounds.
Immunochemistry is also being used to detect mesothelioma. This area of study evaluates the presence of antibodies in the body. Certain types of antibodies are known to be associated with certain types of cancer. But mesothelial cells have no specific types of antibodies that can provide a “positive” marker. Consequently, immunochemistry allows the doctor to “eliminate” the other cancers, but does not indicate the presence of mesothelioma. These techniques offer insight into the disease and may help eliminate other diseases, but none can directly detect mesothelioma.
New Blood Tests for Mesothelioma Detection
SMR Protein: Recently, because of the difficulty in diagnosing malignant mesothelioma, research has concentrated on finding new ways to detect the presence of the disease. Researchers in Australia have found that a certain protein, called SMR or Soluble Mesothelin Related protein, is elevated in patients with mesothelioma. These researchers have suggested that a test for the presence of SMR in the blood could represent a useful marker for the diagnosis and disease progression. They feel that such a diagnosis tool could lead to earlier detection, and thus more effective treatment.
One of the most striking findings of their research was that several asbestos-exposed persons who tested positive for SMR were diagnosed with mesothelioma within three years. They suggested that evaluation of SMR may help to identify persons at risk for this deadly disease. Also, they found that SMR levels increase as mesothelioma progresses, suggesting that SMR evaluation could be used to track the progression of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment
Osteopontin Glycoprotein: In an effort to produce the first early-detection test to screen for malignant mesothelioma, researchers at Wayne State University have been studying the possible link between mesothelioma development and levels of a glycoprotein called osteopontin. Early clinical study findings of 190 patients have demonstrated a link between high levels of osteopontin and the development of malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Although the results are being viewed as preliminary, there is a great deal of excitement surrounding the potential of a blood test capable of screening for mesothelioma in its earliest stages. While there is no known cure for malignant mesothelioma, research is ongoing and certain successes have already been realized in terms of extending survival time beyond the one to two year post-diagnosis average. It is hoped that if mesothelioma specialists have more time through which to conduct treatment on a lesser developed form of the asbestos cancer, the greater a patient’s chance at potential survival.
Despite the fact that the preliminary results of the osteopontin blood test clinical trial have been met with some controversy, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) continues to sponsor additional study.
Tell Your Doctor About Asbestos Exposure
If you or a loved one has been exposed to asbestos, even if it was in the distant past, it is very important that you inform your doctor. One reason why mesothelioma is such a deadly disease is that it is detected late in the disease process. If your doctor knows of the exposure, he or she may be more aware of your symptoms or other health issues that could be used for early detection.

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Cancer is a disease related to the uncontrolled growth of tissue, leading to the accumulation of mass (called a tumor or lesion.) Normal cells in the body divide and grow in an orderly controlled manner. When cells grow uncontrollably and this growth invades other tissues or organs, the growths are called malignant or cancerous. When a mass of tissue, or tumor, is benign, it is relatively stable and does not invade other tissues.

Cells from malignant tumors can break away and travel to other parts of the body, usually through the bloodstream, but also through the lymph system. When these cells find new host organs, these cells can grow into tumors in the new tissue. This spreading process is called metastasis and when a cancer has reached an advanced stage to where the malignant cells are attacking other organs, it is said that the cancer tumors have metastasized. The tumors in new organs are always made up of cells similar to those of the original tumor.
Benign tumors do not metastasize. They can often times be removed through surgery and not re-occur.
Lung Cancer
Lung cancer occurs when lung tissue develops cancerous growths. Primary lung cancer is cancer that originates in the lung tissue. Secondary lung cancer is cancer that spreads, or metastasizes, from other organs.
Primary Lung Cancer
There are several different types of primary lung cancer. These are divided into two main groups:
Small Cell Lung Cancer
Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Pleural mesothelioma is often thought of as a third type of primary lung cancer. However, it is not a lung cancer. Mesothelioma does not develop in the lungs, but in the serous membranes surrounding the lungs. As such, it does not fall into the typical categories of lung cancer. Mesothelioma can also occur in other tissues, in the lining of the abdomen, call peritoneal mesothelioma, and in the lining of the heart, pericardial mesothelioma.
Small Cell Lung Cancer
Small Cell Lung Cancer comprises approximately 20% of the primary types of lung cancer. It is called small cell cancer because the tumor cells are very small, with the cells containing almost exclusively the cell nucleus and nothing more. This type of cancer is also referred to as “oat cell” cancer. Chemotherapy is often suggested for this cancer in the early stages because of the rapid way it which it spreads. Surgery is not a good option to stop the spread early on. This type of cancer is most closely linked to smoking; non smokers rarely have it.
Non-Small Cell Cancer
Non-small cell cancer falls into these categories:
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell carcinoma
Adenosquamous cell carcinoma
Undifferentiated carcinoma
Each category of non-small cell cancer are physiologically similar and they respond to treatment differently than to small cell lung cancer.
Squamous cell carcinoma is a common type of primary lung cancer. This type of cancer is also linked to smoking and it develops from the cells than line the airways in the lungs. Squamous cells are thin, flat cells that look like fish scales. Commonly the tumor growths are located in the center of the lungs near the large airways (bronchi). It is also referred to as epidermoid carcinoma. It comprises approximately 30 to 35% of the non-small cell cancer in the US, affecting men and the elderly most frequently.
Adenocarcinoma, like squamous cell carcinoma, develops from tissues in the lung airways. But, it develops from the glandular secretory tissues. (tissues that produce mucus). It is often found in the outer airway passages, not the main bronchi, like the squamous cell variety. The incidence of this cancer is increasing. It comprises about 40% of the non-small cell lung cancer in the US and is the most common lung cancer among women.
Large cell lung cancer is named after its appearance. The cells look large and unnatural under the microscope. These types of cells grow quite quickly.
Adenosquamous carcinoma are cells that appear flat under the microscope, like the squamous cells, but derive from the glandular secretory cells, like the adenocarcinoma.
Undifferentiated carcinoma includes cancer cells that cannot be identified as one of the other groups. The cells appear abnormal under the microscope and multiply uncontrollably.
Secondary Lung Cancer
Secondary lung cancer is cancer that has spread to the lungs from other organs. Many different types of cancer spread to the lungs, because of its very high blood supply. These include breast cancer and colon cancer.
The type of cancer is very important when it comes to treatment. The different types of cancer cells respond differently to different types of chemotherapy and other therapies. When cancer cells spread from other organs to the lungs, then the lungs have to be treated for the other type of cancer, not lung cancer. This is an important distinction. For example, breast cancer that spreads to the lungs, has to be treated for breast cancer, not lung cancer.

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Mesothelioma is a rare disorder and is often misdiagnosed. It is a disease that derives directly from the mesothelial cells in the serous membranes. But it is not uncommon for other growths to appear in the mesothelium, both cancerous and non cancerous.

Tumors of the mesothelium can be benign (non-cancerous) or cancerous. A malignant tumor of the mesothelium is called malignant mesothelioma, but because most mesothelial tumors are cancerous, the disease is often simply called mesothelioma.
Benign Tumors
Although uncommon, the mesothelium of certain female and male reproductive organs may develop a benign tumor called an adenomatoid tumor. In men, the tumor starts in the area where the sperm is carried from the testicles and in women it starts in the fallopian tubes. Another type of benign tumor that starts in the female reproductive organs is called a benign cystic mesothelioma.
A type of benign tumor that used to be called benign fibrous mesothelioma can form in the pleura around the lungs. It is now known that this type of tumor starts in the tissues under the mesothelium and therefore is not a type of mesothelioma. It is typically not cancerous, but can progress to cancer in some cases. A similar disease that forms in the peritoneum is called a fibrous tumor of the peritoneum. These types of tumors are often removed surgically, and no other treatment is needed.

Malignant Tumors
The most common form of malignant tumors in the mesothelium are metastatic tumors. That is, the tumors start in another part of the body and then the cancer metastasizes and spreads to the mesothelium. The ratio is between 7: 1 to 20: 1 for the occurrence of these types of tumors versus a mesothelioma. Mesothelioma derives directly from the mesothelial cells and does not migrate into the mesothelium from other organs.
The most common metastatic tumors that grow in the pleura derive from, in descending order:
breast
lung
ovary
stomach
large intestine
pancreas
thyroid
kidney
For the pericardial tumors from metastases, the most common originating organs are lung, breast and thyroid. In the peritoneum, the ovary, stomach, large intestine, pancreas and breast are the most common sources of metastatic tumors.

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Mesothelioma symptoms are not specific to the disease, that is, many of the mesothelioma symptoms are the same for other medical problems. Also, most studies show that mesothelioma can occur as much as 30 to 40 years after exposure to asbestos. Thus, when a mesothelioma symptom occurs, many mesothelioma patients do not know that the symptoms they experience are related to something that happened much earlier in their lives. In reality, only a short time period of asbestos exposure, as little as a few months, can create the conditions for a disease that erupts much later in life.

Mesothelioma affects the lining of various cavities in the body. Over time, the growth of the cancerous tumors causes these tissues to expand and gather fluid. The presence of excess fluid is typically what causes the symptoms to occur. The symptoms of the disease will also depend on the location of the tumors.
Pleural Mesothelioma Symptoms
For pleural mesothelioma, which is in the lining surrounding the lung, shortness of breath, chest pain and a persistent cough are common symptoms. Unfortunately, these symptoms are also very common for a number of other ailments, including pneumonia. The most common presenting symptom is localized chest pain, but this may not occur until the disease is well advanced. Coughing and weight loss are not uncommon. Some patients show virtually no symptoms.
Peritoneal Mesothelioma Symptoms
Peritoneal mesothelioma is a cancer of the abdomen lining. Symptoms include swelling or a mass in the abdomen, weight loss and abdominal pain. Also, bowel obstruction and blood clots have been known to occur. Fever is sometimes present.

Pericardial Mesothelioma Symptoms
The lining of the heart is called the pericardium. Pericardial mesothelioma affects this heart lining, causing fluid to gather. Symptoms include chest pain, cough, irregular heart beating and irregular breathing patterns. Many of these symptoms would manifest themselves when patients exert themselves, even with minimal exertion. This type of mesothelioma is the most rare.
With any cancer, the earlier the disease can be detected, the better the prognosis for a treatment that halts the progression.

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Types of Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma cancer affects the serous membranes that surround the major organs in the midsection of the body. Different organs can be affected by mesothelioma because the serous membranes surround the lungs, heart, abdomen and others. The most common type of mesothelioma is that which affects the lung lining, and is called pleural mesothelioma. Other types are pericardial mesothelioma, which affects the lining of the heart, and peritoneal mesothelioma, affecting the lining of the abdomen.

Mesothelioma, contrary to what many people think, is not a type of primary lung cancer. That is, mesothelioma does not originate in the lungs, but as described above, it starts in the serous membranes or lining around the lungs (or other organs). However, mesothelioma can spread to the lungs and when this occurs, it is considered to be a secondary lung cancer. Mesothelioma is also commonly referred to as an asbestos lung cancer. Technically, this is also incorrect, since mesothelioma does not originate in the lungs. Asbestosis is a type of asbestos lung disease that is often confused with mesothelioma.
Pleural Mesothelioma
Pleural mesothelioma represents about 75% of all mesotheliomas. The disease can grow quickly and enlarge the pleural space, causing it to fill with fluid. This fluid leads to the discomfort or pain associated with first detection of the disease. It is thought that pleural mesothelioma is caused by the inhaling of fibrous materials, including asbestos. These fibers lodge in the pleura and, over time, cause damage to the tissue layer and cancer erupts. Learn more about pleural mesothelioma.

Pericardial Mesothelioma
The rarest form of mesothelioma is that which affects the linings of the heart cavity, called the pericardium. Less than 10% of all mesothelioma cases are related to the heart. As in the lung, the rapid growth of the cancerous tumors can cause expansion of the tissue and accumulation of fluid. The fluid can interfere with the functioning of the heart and cause chest pain. Mesothelioma cases are known to be caused by exposure to asbestos; but it is completely unknown how the asbestos fibers enter the tissue layers surrounding the heart. Learn more about pericardial mesothelioma.
Peritoneal Mesothelioma
Mesothelioma of the abdomen is called peritoneal mesothelioma. The serous membrane surrounding the abdomen is known as the peritoneum. This disease accounts for approximately 10% to 20% of mesothelioma cases. In addition, a rare form of peritoneal mesothelioma affects the male testicles. The covering layer of the scrotum is actually an outpouching of the peritoneum. Peritoneal mesothelioma is due to the ingestion of fibrous materials, including asbestos. Learn more about peritoneal mesothelioma.

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