Mesothelioma Cancer

According to Science Daily, an online resource for latest research news, mesothelioma patients who got treated by a combination of 2 drugs had an improved chance of surviving. Their survival rate increased by a minimum of 3 months. The two drugs used for the treatment were PEMETREXED and CISPLATIN. The clinical trials were done on 448 mesotheliomic patients.

About 80% of the mesotheliomic patients were men with an average age of 61 years. Some patients received only cisplatin whereas some patients received a combination of pemetrexed, cisplatin, vitamin supplements, folic acid and B12. Not only did their life span increase by three months but also the patients felt less tired, had improved appetite, experienced less pain and had smaller coughing spells. The clinical trial and research was done at the Clatterbridge Center for Oncology in England.

The Mesothelioma Researches 2 & 3 further elaborate on the medical advances made regarding pleural mesothelioma, peritoneal mesothelioma or pericardial mesothelioma.

Thank you

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by James F. Howell

Mesothelioma is a form of cancer caused by exposure to asbestos. Over time, cancerous cells develop in the mesothelium, a protective lining that covers most of the body’s internal organs. Only after several decades do symptoms begin to show, and often because of this delay, by the time mesothelioma is diagnosed it is too late for treatment to be effective.

Mesothelioma is rare, with a rate of infection of only 15 per 1,000,000 in the United States in 2004. It is most often found in individuals who encounter asbestos on the job, such as shipyard workers, people who work in asbestos mines and mills, producers of asbestos products, workers in the heating and construction industries, and other tradespeople.

There are three primary areas mesothelioma can develop, the lining of the lungs and chest cavity known as the pleura, the lining of the abdominal cavity called the peritoneum, or the sac surrounding the heart called the pericardium. Each form of mesothelioma cancer has its own specific symptoms, but there are many symptoms that can be found in all of them. Such symptoms include coughing, fever, shortness of breath, chest or abdominal pain, and fatigue.

Because the symptoms of mesothelioma are so general, it can be very difficult to diagnose the disease. This, combined with such a long delay before symptoms begin to develop often means that little can be done to help the patient. The most common forms of treatment are radiation, chemotherapy, and sometimes surgery. Unfortunately however, these treatments have been unable to increase the survival rate of mesothelioma victims beyond a few months.

About the Author
James Howell is a freelance writer and researcher. Find out more about Mesothelioma Cancer.

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by James F. Howell

Pericardial mesothelioma is the rarest type of the three forms of mesothelioma. It makes up less than 10% of all mesothelioma patients. Approximately 2,000 new cases of mesothelioma are diagnosed each year, but fewer than 200 of them are pericardial. As with the other mesotheliomas, it is caused by exposure to asbestos. Pericardial mesothelioma affects the pericardium, the protective sac that covers the heart and provides lubrication so that it can beat properly. Because it is so rare, there is little specific research on this type of mesothelioma, and it is still not clearly understood how the asbestos fibers become lodged in the pericardium.

Symptoms of pericardial mesothelioma are similar to other forms of mesothelioma, although the rarity of pericardial mesothelioma has made it difficult for specialists to determine a specific set of common symptoms. Heart palpitations are more common with this form of mesothelioma than with the others. Additionally, patients may experience difficulty breathing, fever, and cough.

Diagnosis of pericardial mesothelioma is problematic, as the nature of its symptoms is relatively non-specific, in that they can appear as a result of several other cardiac conditions. Unfortunately for most people who are diagnosed with pericardial mesothelioma, by the time symptoms of the disease appear, the cancer has progressed to a stage where conventional treatments are largely ineffective for anything other than providing temporary relief of symptoms.

As a direct consequence of the difficulties in definitively diagnosing pericardial mesothelioma, and the fact that it is usually only minimally symptomatic until its advanced stages, the prognosis for patients is very poor, with a mean survival time of only six months following diagnosis.

About the Author
James Howell is a freelance writer and researcher. Find out more about Pericardial Mesothelioma. Or learn more about Mesothelioma.

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By P. Mehta

Mesothelioma cancer is often caused by exposure to asbestos. People who have received asbestos exposure of as little as one or two months to very low doses are at risk of this. A person exposed to asbestos could develop mesothelioma after 50 years of exposure. The 2 common types are pleural mesothelioma (lung cancer) and peritoneal mesothelioma (abdomen organs).

There are no immediate symptoms of mesothelioma cancer. The symptoms may appear in 30 - 50 years after exposure to asbestos. The following symptoms may be noticed after several years of exposure.

Symptoms of pleural mesothelioma cancer: shortness of breath and pain in the chest.

Symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma cancer: abdominal pain and weight loss, blood clotting abnormalities, anemia and fever.

Please note that these symptoms may be due to other reasons. If you have any of these symptoms or signs, please consult your Doctor for thorough checkup.

Treatment Options for Mesothelioma Cancer

There are several possible treatments. Following are the main options for mesothelioma treatment:

Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Surgery
Photodynamic therapy
Radiation or chemotherapy combined with surgery may increase the survival time by double.

Copyright 2005, P. Mehta

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Mesothelioma is a form of cancer. It caused by previous exposure to asbestos. An exposure of as little as one or two months can result in mesothelioma 30 or 40 years later. Simian virus 40 (SV40) may act as a cofactor in the development of mesothelioma. Malignant mesothelioma is the most serious of all asbestos-related diseases. The two major types of malignant mesothelioma are pleural mesothelioma, which concerns the mesothelium membrane that surrounds the lungs, and peritoneal mesothelioma which concerns the mesothelium layer that covers the organs in the abdominal cavity. The people most at risk from being carriers of this cancer are those have worked with asbestos over the past thirty to fifty years. Because of this, the disease is most common in men between the ages of sixty and seventy as this is the group that commonly worked with asbestos during those years. Because of the lack of protection and regulations in those days, these workers were constantly exposed to the dust and fibres from the asbestos, which caused the cells of the mesothelium to become abnormal. Many building materials used in both public and domestic premises prior to the banning of asbestos may contain asbestos. Those performing renovation works or diy activities may expose themselves to asbestos dust.

Mesothelium helps protect the organs by producing a special lubricating fluid that allows organs to move around. Mesothelioma is an extremely malignant and incurable cancer that infects the membrane that surrounds most of the internal organs. Symptoms of mesothelioma may not appear until 20 to 50 years after exposure to asbestos. Shortness of breath, cough, and pain in the chest due to an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space are often symptoms of pleural mesothelioma. Affecting the mesothelial cells that make up the mesothelium – the outer lining that protects the body’s major organs such as the heart, stomach and lungs. Pleural mesothelioma represents 75% of mesothelioma cases - but it is far from the only type of this deadly cancer. Peritoneal mesothelioma affects the lining around the stomach and intestines, and is just as dangerous and deadly. Treatment of MM using conventional therapies has not proved successful and patients have a median survival time of 6 - 12 months after presentation. The clinical behaviour of the malignancy is affected by several factors including the continuous mesothelial surface of the pleural cavity

Mesothelioma Cancer Treatment and Prevention Tips

1. Health-care workers who specialize in part control are employing state-of-the art techniques to successfully fight pain.

2. During the initial stages of mesothelioma, pain can be relieved with over-the-counter analgesics, such as aspirin, Tylenol or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin).

3. Drug therapy is the primary method for treating mesothelioma pain.

4. Non-Opoids are pain-relieving medicines such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) and NSAIDs, such as ibuprofin, which can be purchases over-the-counter and taken orally.

5. Opoids are the strongest medicines available to treat pain. Opoids, such as codeine, morphine, oxcodone, fentany, and hydromorphone, are very effective in relieving mesothelioma pain.

6. Adjuvant analgesics are medicines intended for purposes other than pain relief. A number of these are used to alleviate pain associated with mesothelioma, such as antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and steroids.

7. Emotional Support to Help Relieve Pain.As with all aspects of mesothelioma, emotional support from family or professional counseling can play a key role in pain management

8. For patients with localized disease, and who can tolerate a radical surgery, radiation is often given post-operatively as a consolidative treatment.

9. Chrysotile has been used more frequently, hence many mesotheliomas are caused by chrysotile.

10. Removal is taking place in schools and other public buildings throughout the U.S. The hope is that these measures will greatly reduce the occurrence of this cancer.
Author: Juliet Cohen

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Juliet Cohen writes articles for http://www.healthatoz.info/ and http://www.health-disease.org/

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Malignant mesothelioma (cancer of the mesothelium) is a disease in which cells of the mesothelium become abnormal and divide without control or order. It is a rare form of cancer that most frequently arises from the cells lining the sacs of the chest (the pleura) or the abdomen (the peritoneum). Malignant mesothelioma is closely linked to exposure to asbestos - a natural fiber that was once used in manufacturing a wide variety of industrial and household products. Workers involved in asbestos mining, milling and manufacturing are at the greatest risk for developing malignant mesothelioma. Also at high risk are shipyard workers, workers in the heating and construction industries, and other tradespeople. Family members and others living with asbestos workers have an increased risk of developing malignant mesothelioma, and possibly other asbestos related diseases as well. Cases of malignant mesothelioma have even included people whose only exposure was breathing the air through ventilation systems.

Although reported incidence rates have increased in the past 20 years, malignant mesothelioma is still a relatively rare cancer. Between 1973 and 1984, there has been a threefold increase in the diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma in Caucasian males. From 1980 to the late 1990s, the death rate from malignant mesothelioma in the USA increased from 2,000 per year to 3,000, with men four times more likely to acquire it than women. The actual rates may be even higher however, since it is possible that many cases of malignant mesothelioma are misdiagnosed as adenocarcinoma of the lung, which is difficult to differentiate from mesothelioma.

The average age of diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma is 60. The average survival time varies from 4 to 18 months, and death is usually due to infection or respiratory failure from the progression of the mesothelioma.

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Pleural Mesothelioma represents for about 75% of all Mesothelioma cases and. The main cause for this type of cancer is the inhalation of asbestos fibers which get embedded in the lung linings, also known as the pleura. These embedded fibers will cause inflammation which will eventually lead to cancer tumors if not treated at the beginning stage.

Also, if the cancel tumors are not detected early, they can spread from the lung pleura to other vital organs which include the heart and abdomen. Pleural Mesothelioma can also invade the lymph nodes and affect the body’s blood system.

The main cause of this type of cancer is exposure to asbestos. If a person is exposed to asbestos for only a couple of months, the deadly and fine asbestos particles may lead to Pleural Mesothelioma 30 to 50 years later. The older generation especially men in their sixties or seventies are most at risk, because this was the generation that worked with the deadly material with minimal protection. Because it takes so long for this type of cancer to surface, these men are only now discovering that they have this deadly cancer. Many now are filing lawsuits against the companies who are responsible for exposing them to asbestos.

Among the symptoms associated with Pleural Mesothelioma is chest pain. However, the pain is does not come directly from the lung pleura but often appears in the shoulder or upper abdomen. Persistent coughing, shortness of breath, facial swelling, weight loss, fever and coughing up blood are the other symptoms of this type of cancer. The tumor for this type of cancer grows rapidly and enlarges the pleural space, causing this space to be filled with fluid. This is the fluid responsible for the discomfort or pain associated with the early symptoms of this cancer. Many of these symptoms are similar to diseases which are more common than this cancer and hence it is very difficult to diagnose until it is too late.

There is not proper cure available for Pleural Mesothelioma and treatment options are limited. Active research is being conducted around the globe and many pharmaceutical companies are testing new drugs to combat this cancer. Current available treatments for this cancer include chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery.

According to a research done on 167 patients with proven Pleural Mesothelioma, the median survival rate of patients following diagnosis was 242 days. The survival rate was also affected by the type of cancer cells, age, medical record, and lifestyle. Through this research, patients with biphasic cell types had the shortest life expectancy. The chance of survival can be drastically increased if this cancer is treated in its early stages because once it has developed and spread it is very difficult to cure.
By Ray Lam

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Find out more on Pleural Mesothelioma by visiting http://raysinfo.info a popular information website that specializes in offering information about health, wealth, wisdom and also about Mesothelioma Cancer.

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Mesothelioma treatments have thus far been unable to limit the spread of the deadly cancer. Treatments for mesothelioma are divided into two categories; traditional mesothelioma treatments and new mesothelioma treatments.
Traditional mesothelioma treatments are the same as those used to treat most other cancers, and include:
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy (radiotherapy)

Traditional mesothelioma treatments are often used in conjunction with one another in effort to provide the most thorough and effective method of treatment. For example, trimodality therapy combines all three traditional methods of treatment, where chemotherapy is administered first with the aim of slowing the growth of malignant mesothelioma. Chemotherapy treatments are followed by surgery designed to physically remove a mesothelioma tumor mass (extrapleural pneumonectomy is often performed as part of trimodality therapy). Postoperative radiation therapy is used for the final step, to target any lingering mesothelioma cells. Although trimodality therapy has been unable to eradicate malignant mesothelioma, it has proven to be effective in significantly prolonging patients’ survival time by as much as five years (the average post-diagnosis survival time is one to two years).
New mesothelioma treatments have been researched and developed with the hope of succeeding where traditional methods have not. Mesothelioma researchers are optimistic that new mesothelioma treatment modalities will eventually prove to be successful, though they have yet to yield results that are any better than traditional methods.

New treatments for mesothelioma include:
Development of new chemotherapy agents
Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)
Photodynamic therapy (PDT)
Immunotherapy
Gene therapy
The progression of mesothelioma, as with other cancerous diseases, is typically broken into stages, with the treatment options based on the stage of the disease. The commonly used staging for mesothelioma is the Brigham staging system and it is described as follows.
Stages of Mesothelioma
Stage 1 occurs when the tumor lies completely within the capsule of the pleura, without swollen lymph nodes (adenopathy).
Stage 2 has the characteristics of Stage 1, where the tumor has spread and there is presence of adenopathy. But in Stage 2 the boundaries of the tumor allow for a resection (removal of the tumor) without cutting into other organs.
Stage 3 includes extension of the disease into the chest wall or into the heart, through the diaphragm or peritoneum, or outside the pleura to involve the lymph nodes.
Stage 4 occurs when the cancer has formed in distant organs through metastases.
Treatment options for the management of malignant mesothelioma include:
chemotherapy
surgery
radiation
multimodality treatment
However, none of the treatment strategies have been shown to be particularly effective against the disease.

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Malignant mesothelioma detection, like other cancers, can be accomplished with imaging equipment, such as x-ray machines. But once detected, mesothelioma diagnosis is difficult for a number of reasons. First, there is a very extended time period between the exposure to asbestos and the onset of the disease, sometimes as long as 50 to 60 years. Patients would often not think to tell their doctors about working in an asbestos-related job many years earlier.

Second, the typical symptoms of mesothelioma, shortness of breath and coughing, are also symptoms of many other types of lung problems, both cancerous and non-cancerous. Thus, just because a person has these symptoms, it does not in any way provide a mesothelioma diagnosis.
Third, many types of tumors can exist in the serous cavities that are not mesothelioma. These other types of tumors can be non cancerous, or benign, that originate in the tissues of the serous membranes, other than the mesothelium. Or they can be tumors that have migrated from other organs with cancerous growths due to metastases.
Mesothelioma and Imaging Technologies
X-rays and other types of imaging technologies can be used to detect tumors or effusion (build up of fluid) in the body, including mesothelioma detection. A growth in the chest cavity will show up in an X-ray or MRI analysis. But these devices cannot directly determine the type of cancer or provide a mesothelioma diagnosis. They cannot determine whether the tumor is mesothelioma or originates from some other source.

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a type of diagnostic imaging scan that is used for malignant mesothelioma detection. PET scans use the emission of positrons (tiny particles that are emitted from radioactive substances) for the purpose of radiation detection.
Some medical professionals are of the impression that PET scans are the most effective method through which to definitively verify a case of mesothelioma. While they believe that standard imaging techniques like x-rays and MRIs should continue to play a role in diagnosing the disease, it is felt that positron emission tomography is becoming an increasingly valuable tool in the staging and typing of the latent asbestos cancer.
Diagnostic Surgery – Biopsy
To provide a mesothelioma diagnosis, a biopsy is needed. This biopsy then undergoes what is called diagnostic histopathology. Histopathology is a technique where the cells from the tumor are viewed under a high-powered microscope, or electron microscopy. Electron microscopy is considered the gold standard for evaluating tumor material from a biopsy. It is a highly advanced microscope that allows viewing of the tiniest elements of cell tissue.
For mesothelioma diagnosis, a pathologist (a doctor who specializes in disease detection) places the tumor cells in the electron microscope and then views the structure of the individual cells. The mesothelioma cells have a specific shape and pattern, and this allows them to be identified by a very keen pathologist. But mesothelioma cells also look similar to other types of cancer cells, such as adenocarcinoma cells, and this can make the pathologist’s job very difficult. Even with the electron microscope, the different types of mesothelioma cells can be hard to recognize. The three types of cells are epithelioid mesothelioma cancer cells, which are tubular in shape, sarcomatoid mesothelioma cancer cells, which are oval and irregularly shaped, and biphasic mesothelioma cancer cells, which are a combination of shapes. These cells can be confused with other types of cancer cells.
New Methods For Mesothelioma Detection
Due to this diagnostic confusion, much research is underway to find new methods for diagnosis. One method is to evaluate the types of compounds generated by the mesothelioma cancer cells. This is called histochemistry. Histochemical reactions have long been used to distinguish between mesothelial and other types of tumor cells. For example, mesothelial cells are known to produce specific types of carbohydrate compounds. Unfortunately, other types of cells in the body also produce these compounds.
Immunochemistry is also being used to detect mesothelioma. This area of study evaluates the presence of antibodies in the body. Certain types of antibodies are known to be associated with certain types of cancer. But mesothelial cells have no specific types of antibodies that can provide a “positive” marker. Consequently, immunochemistry allows the doctor to “eliminate” the other cancers, but does not indicate the presence of mesothelioma. These techniques offer insight into the disease and may help eliminate other diseases, but none can directly detect mesothelioma.
New Blood Tests for Mesothelioma Detection
SMR Protein: Recently, because of the difficulty in diagnosing malignant mesothelioma, research has concentrated on finding new ways to detect the presence of the disease. Researchers in Australia have found that a certain protein, called SMR or Soluble Mesothelin Related protein, is elevated in patients with mesothelioma. These researchers have suggested that a test for the presence of SMR in the blood could represent a useful marker for the diagnosis and disease progression. They feel that such a diagnosis tool could lead to earlier detection, and thus more effective treatment.
One of the most striking findings of their research was that several asbestos-exposed persons who tested positive for SMR were diagnosed with mesothelioma within three years. They suggested that evaluation of SMR may help to identify persons at risk for this deadly disease. Also, they found that SMR levels increase as mesothelioma progresses, suggesting that SMR evaluation could be used to track the progression of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment
Osteopontin Glycoprotein: In an effort to produce the first early-detection test to screen for malignant mesothelioma, researchers at Wayne State University have been studying the possible link between mesothelioma development and levels of a glycoprotein called osteopontin. Early clinical study findings of 190 patients have demonstrated a link between high levels of osteopontin and the development of malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Although the results are being viewed as preliminary, there is a great deal of excitement surrounding the potential of a blood test capable of screening for mesothelioma in its earliest stages. While there is no known cure for malignant mesothelioma, research is ongoing and certain successes have already been realized in terms of extending survival time beyond the one to two year post-diagnosis average. It is hoped that if mesothelioma specialists have more time through which to conduct treatment on a lesser developed form of the asbestos cancer, the greater a patient’s chance at potential survival.
Despite the fact that the preliminary results of the osteopontin blood test clinical trial have been met with some controversy, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) continues to sponsor additional study.
Tell Your Doctor About Asbestos Exposure
If you or a loved one has been exposed to asbestos, even if it was in the distant past, it is very important that you inform your doctor. One reason why mesothelioma is such a deadly disease is that it is detected late in the disease process. If your doctor knows of the exposure, he or she may be more aware of your symptoms or other health issues that could be used for early detection.

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